Which of the Following Isare a Source of Distortion? Art History

Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are fine art forms such every bit painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, pattern, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual fine art, and cloth arts as well involve aspects of visual arts as well as arts of other types. Too included inside the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts^[2] such as industrial design, graphic design, manner blueprint, interior design and decorative art.^[three]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art likewise as the applied or decorative craft, merely this was not always the example. Earlier the Arts and Crafts Motion in United kingdom and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and non the decorative arts, arts and crafts, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized past artists of the Arts and Crafts Motility, who valued vernacular art forms every bit much as high forms.^[4] Fine art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing trend to privilege painting, and to a lesser caste sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art likewise every bit East Asian fine art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory adept by admirer amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected like attitudes.

Teaching and training [edit]

Preparation in the visual arts has mostly been through variations of the amateur and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance movement to increment the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today nearly of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts take now go an elective subject in most education systems.^{[5] [vi]}

Drawing [edit]

Cartoon is a means of making an epitome, illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface past applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line cartoon, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to every bit a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning betwixt almost 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and uncomplicated geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cavern representations of animals are found in areas such equally Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Commonwealth of australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later adult to the homo class with blackness-figure pottery during the seventh century BC.^[viii]

With paper condign mutual in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted past masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated cartoon as an art in its own correct rather than a preparatory phase for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the exercise of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a bounden agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as newspaper, sheet or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it ways the use of this activity in combination with cartoon, composition, or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like cartoon, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellowish and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human being figures can exist establish in the tombs of ancient Arab republic of egypt. In the great temple of Ramses Two, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted existence led past Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the all-time remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Boxing of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman fine art contributed to Byzantine art in the quaternary century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages, the next pregnant contribution to European art was from Italia's renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art equally the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe also were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are amongst the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to achieve depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the swell Dutch masters such equally the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Bizarre [edit]

The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the tardily 16th century to the tardily 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy utilise of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italia, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a serial for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[14]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in French republic in the 19th century with a loose clan of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, oft choosing to pigment realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was accomplished through a new expression of artful features demonstrated past castor strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense colour vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short castor strokes. The movement influenced art every bit a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of fine art. Attention to particular became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists center.^{[15] [16]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the terminate of the 19th century, several immature painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of item note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the stiff sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his brilliant paintings of night life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian creative person, developed his symbolistic arroyo at the end of the 19th century, inspired past the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his virtually famous work, is widely interpreted equally representing the universal anxiety of modern homo. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Federal republic of germany at the starting time of the 20th century equally artists such equally Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional issue.

In parallel, the manner known equally cubism adult in France every bit artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the motion. Objects are cleaved up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an bathetic form. By the 1920s, the style had adult into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[eighteen]

Printmaking [edit]

Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface past ways of ink (or some other form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the impress.

Historically, the major techniques (as well called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but in that location are many others, including modern digital techniques. Commonly, the print is printed on newspaper, only other mediums range from fabric and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known as old master prints. In Europe, from effectually 1400 Advertizement woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to apply cantankerous-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[nineteen]

Chinese origin and practise [edit]

In Communist china, the art of printmaking developed some i,100 years ago every bit illustrations aslope text cut in woodblocks for press on paper. Initially images were mainly religious only in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Nihon 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock press in Nippon (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, information technology was as well used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to impress books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Nihon during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (equally opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of bright color, glazes and color transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures past means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The procedure is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemic processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("low-cal"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together significant "drawing with light" or "representation by ways of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also telephone call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to supplant photo. (The term prototype is traditional in geometric optics.)

Compages [edit]

Compages is the procedure and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material class of buildings, are often perceived every bit cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are oft identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman builder Vitruvius in the early 1st century Advertising. According to Vitruvius, a practiced edifice should satisfy the 3 principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known past the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modernistic English language would exist:

1. Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
3. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building outset evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and ways (available edifice materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the proper name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that arts and crafts.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the procedure of making a motion-picture, from an initial formulation and enquiry, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audition; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in flick, and poetic or experimental practices, and is oftentimes used to refer to video-based processes equally well

Estimator art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used as an e'er more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the final rendering or press (including 3D printing). Computer art is whatever in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, as a result, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For example, an creative person may combine traditional painting with algorithmic fine art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining estimator art past its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is offset to announced in art museum exhibits, though it has all the same to bear witness its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this applied science is widely seen in contemporary fine art more as a tool rather than a course as with painting. On the other hand, there are estimator-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, bold the aforementioned technologies, and their social bear on, equally an object of research.

Figurer usage has blurred the distinctions betwixt illustrators, photographers, photograph editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may get digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may exist computer-aided or use computer-generated imagery as a template. Computer clip art usage has also made the articulate distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the procedure of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve concrete manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such every bit sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have too been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are as well capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian's use, nor with the motion he termed, in French and English language, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is iii-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, audio, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble), clay, metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are ofttimes painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is chosen a sculptor.

Considering sculpture involves the use of materials that tin be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to every bit a sculpture garden. Sculptors practice not ever brand sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual fine art over technical mastery, more than sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce information technology. This allows sculptors to create larger and more than complex sculptures out of material similar cement, metallic and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures tin also exist fabricated with 3-d printing technology.

US copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the U.s., the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual fine art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual fine art".^[25]

A "work of visual art" is —
(1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple bandage, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and comport the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(2) a still photographic paradigm produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a unmarried copy that is signed by the author, or in a express edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A work of visual fine art does not include —
(A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied fine art, motion film or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, paper, periodical, data base of operations, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (ii) any merchandising detail or advertising, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (iii) any portion or part of any particular described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work fabricated for hire; or
(C) any work not subject field to copyright protection under this title.

Meet too [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing artistic piece of work
• Décollage
• Environmental fine art
• Institute object
• Graffiti
• History of art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Landscape art
• Mathematics and art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Audio art
• Vexillography
• Video fine art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual impairment in art
• Visual poetry

References [edit]

1. ^ An About.com article past art skillful, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Different Forms of Art – Practical Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Centre for Arts and Pattern in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved thirty October 2011.
4. ^ Fine art History: Arts and Crafts Movement: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts pedagogy". Thinking Skills and Creativity. nineteen: 73–87. doi:x.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial fine art and pattern".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
9. ^ "Drawing". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on xiv March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From ART 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved 15 Oct 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 October 2009
17. ^ Postal service-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Modern Fine art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Paradigm in the Due west: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in Communist china. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
22. ^ Fine art Terminology at KSU ^{[ expressionless link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 Jan 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Motorcar
25. ^ "Copyright Police of the United states – Affiliate 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 Oct 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Fine art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937, Harcourt, Caryatid & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. iv. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Betwixt the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. due north.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. 4th ed. Dominican Republic s.due north.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Printing, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. Five. (1976). The language of move: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. n.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: n.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual fine art terms.
• Calendar for Artists – calendar listing of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts

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