Nazi Parade

photo taken by Hugo Jager

70 years agone the greatest massacre in history began - with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian coin into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war'due south outbreak, and then we need to brainstorm by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis' rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany'south unabridged prewar history shows that the "necessary" policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil - the same situation, past the way, that the earth finds itself in today.

The cardinal structures of the Westward's post-war strategy were the primal financial institutions of the Usa and Neat Britain - the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Arrangement - coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to establish accented control over the fiscal system in Frg to manage the politics of Cardinal Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 - Preparing the grounds for massive American fiscal investments in the German economic system.
2nd: 1924-1929 - Establishing control over the financial arrangement and funding the National-Socialist movement.
tertiary: 1929-1933 - Inciting and unleashing a deep economical crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 - Financial cooperation with the Nazi authorities and back up for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new globe war.

In the first phase, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital letter into Europe came from war debts and the closely related outcome of German reparations. After the United States' formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and French republic) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of state of war debt owed to the U.Due south., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $xi billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went after Germany, forcing it to pay an enormous sum in reparations nether extremely difficult weather condition. The resulting flying of German language upper-case letter away and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that all the government could practise is mass produce German marks without backing. The German language currency complanate equally a effect. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the aggrandizement rate reached 578,512% and ane dollar was worth iv.ii trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all try to pay the reparations, which somewhen sparked the famous "Ruhr crisis" — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling aristocracy in Great britain and American had been waiting for. Having immune France to get bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the state of affairs into their own easily. U.S. Secretarial assistant of State Charles Evans Hughes said, "Nosotros must look until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal."

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, caput of the Banking company of England. At the eye of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht's proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, futurity Secretarial assistant of State under Eisenhower, and legal counselor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Briefing.

Dulles passed the proposals to the main trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who so gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and - at last - to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental office in bringing together the Anglo-American and German fiscal circles.

In the summertime of 1924, the projection, known equally the "Dawes Programme" (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of i of Morgan'south banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Briefing. He chosen for halving the reparations to be paid, and as well settled how Federal republic of germany would pay them off. Notwithstanding, the principal goal was to provide favorable weather condition for U.S. investment, which could only exist fabricated possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that terminate, Germany was granted $200 meg in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan's banks. In doing and so, Anglo-American banks established command over not only Germany'southward payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit organisation. By Baronial 1924, the old German marking had been fabricated afresh, the fiscal situation in Germany stabilized, and, as researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Republic was prepared for "the most striking economical aid in history, followed by the well-nigh bitter harvest in world history. [...] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany's financial core."

The consequences of this rapidly fabricated themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the almanac reparations payments were to comprehend the allies' total debts, the then-called "cool Weimar bicycle" adult. The gold that Federal republic of germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.South., where it disappeared. From the U.S., according to the program, gold was going to Germany in the form of "assist", which was then paid back to England and France, who so sent it back to the U.s.a. to pay off their war debts. The U.South. and so placed a heavy involvement rate on information technology and sent it dorsum to Federal republic of germany. In the end, Frg lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, so the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country's military machine-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German language companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German language economic system. The total amount of foreign investment in High german manufacture from 1924-1929 amounted to nigh 63 billion gilt marks (the loans accounted for thirty billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers - primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percentage of Germany's financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany's manufacture was 2d in the globe, only to a large extent information technology was in the hands of America's leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.G. Farben, the company that became the German armed services's key component, was under the command of Rockefeller's Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 pct of Hitler'due south election campaign in 1930. Through Full general Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electric manufacture in the course of AEG and Siemens (past 1933, General Electrical owned a xxx percentage stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Deutschland's telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family's General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller banking concern, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged - metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany'south military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached key sectors of German industry and fifty-fifty major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political forcefulness was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans - the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German language Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that first in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad - from where exactly is unknown, simply it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is as well known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich - a coming together Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Part of Military Intelligence), saying he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith's circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with "Putzi" (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful pol, giving him substantial fiscal back up and connections among senior British figures.

Hitler was preparing himself for large-fourth dimension politics, but, as long as prosperity reigned in Deutschland, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.

After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the autumn of 1929, the 3rd stage of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and J.P. Morgan decided to terminate lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Democracy.

Simply, the Nazi Political party experienced a miraculous smash: in September 1930, thank you to large donations from Thyssen, I.K. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party nerveless six.4 million votes - putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Presently thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German industrialists and the strange financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a cloak-and-dagger agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was likewise present at this meeting - something his biographers don't similar to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a coming together with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing broker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler'south program was fully approved. It was here that the last path for the Nazis' rise to ability was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor.

Then began the fourth phase of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely chivalrous. When Hitler refused connected payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions virtually the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, after Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.South. in May 1933 to meet with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Deutschland with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well as a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on onetime loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that the previous government could not.

In the summertime of 1934, Britain signed the Anglo-German language Transfer Understanding, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and past the stop of the 1930's, Germany adult into Britain's primary trading partner. Schroeder's banking concern turned into Federal republic of germany's and Uk'south main amanuensis, and in 1936, its New York co-operative merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank "Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.", which the New York Times described as "economical-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome". As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit as the financial footing of his iv-yr plan, and so this didn't raise the slightest warning.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in Deutschland and built big oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same fourth dimension, the U.s. secretly provided Germany with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German language aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the "Junker-87" dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second earth war was in full-swing, American investment in the High german economic system totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 1000000 alone, Full general Motors — $35 one thousand thousand, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 meg.

The intimate financial and economic collusion between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place - leading straight to World War Ii.

Today, while the global fiscal aristocracy has embarked on a programme of "Great Depression part Two" with the subsequent transition to a "new world order", information technology is imperative to place its key function in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.


ORIENTAL REVIEW has completed exclusive translations of the chapters from Nikolay Starikov's documentary research ""Who Made Hitler Attack Stalin" (St.Petersburg, 2008). Mr. Starikov is Russian historian and ceremonious activist. The original text was adapted and translated by ORIENTAL REVIEW.